Can someone please give me a brief history of AIDS?!
Question: Can someone please give me a brief history of AIDS!?
I need it for a paper in Health!. I would not like too much information about it, but all of the major stuff!. Thank you!.Www@Answer-Health@Com
Answers:
1981: The Beginning
In 1981, the first cases of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) were identified among gay men in the United States, acquiring the designation, GRID (Gay-Related
By the end of 2003, twelve million children in
Sub-Saharan Africa were orphaned by AIDS!.
Source: AVERT!.ORG
Image Source: CDC/Dr!. Lyle Conrad
Immune Deficiency); however, scientists later found evidence that the disease existed in the world for some years prior, i!.e!., subsequent analysis of a blood sample of a Bantu man, who died of an unidentified illness in the Belgian Congo in 1959, made him the first confirmed case of an HIV infection!. Source: CNN In an article, "1959 and all that: Immunodeficiency viruses," by Simon Wain-Hobson of the Pasteur Institute in Nature (Volume 391, 5 February 1998, pp!. 532-533), Wain-Hobson wrote: "Where did HIV [Human Immunodeficiency Virus] come from!? Both of the AIDS viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, originated in Africa!.!.!. As is often the case with microbes, a jump from one species to another is probably to blame!.!.!. chimpanzees (for HIV-1) and sooty mangabeys (for HIV-2)!.!.!. When did the AIDS epidemic begin!?!.!.!. the Big Bang seems to have occurred around, or just after, the Second World War!. Emerging microbial infections often result from adaption to changing ecological niches and habitats!." Cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP, a lung infection) and Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare skin cancer) were reported by doctors in New York and Los Angeles in 1981, then the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began tracking a growing population of young men, women, and babies, whose immune systems were nearly destroyed!. Late in 1982, the condition began to be referred to as AIDS!. Source: American Red Cross For a few at first, their awareness of AIDS began with the publishing of a little noticed entry on page two of the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report of June 5, 1981, where a strange outbreak of killer pneumonia was spreading among gay men!. Since this report, AIDS has graduated from a seemingly local phenomenon to a global epidemic!. Source: CNN
1982-1985: The Faces of AIDS
Cases of AIDS in 1982 began to be reported by fourteen nations!. And, as early as 1982, CDC received its first report of "AIDS in a person with hemophilia (from a blood transfusion), and in infants born to mothers with AIDS!." Source: CDC Historical Highlights A contemporary update on this, concerning AIDS and blood transfusions, from the American Red Cross: "Like most medical procedures, blood transfusions have associated risk!. In the more than fifteen years since March 1985, when the FDA first licensed a test to detect HIV antibodies in donated blood, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported only 41 cases of AIDS caused by transfusion of blood that tested negative for the AIDS virus!. During this time, more than 216 million blood components were transfused in the United States!.!.!. Scientific studies have proven that volunteer donors are the single greatest safeguard of the blood supply today!." Source: Myths About AIDS and the Blood Supply To continue, Dr!. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in France announced the isolation of the LAV retrovirus (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) in 1983, which later was identified as the cause of AIDS!. Source: CNN By 1983, 33 countries reported cases of AIDS!. And, on the other side of the Atlantic, Dr!. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute isolated the HTLV-III (Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus III) retrovirus in 1984!. Medical periodicals such as
Leading causes of AIDS related deaths in the USA!.
Image Source: Wikimedia
The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) continued to reference HTLV-III as the "primary etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)" as late as 1985!. Source: JAMA However, in 1986, it was determined that HTLV-III and LAV were the same virus, and they were given the new designation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV!. AIDS awareness was soon brought to the public's consciousness, when popular film star, Rock Hudson, died of AIDS on October 2, 1985, shortly after making public his AIDS on July 25, 1985, thus becoming the first major public figure to announce that he had AIDS!. Another entertainer, the pianist Liberace died of AIDS on February 4, 1987!. Many other well known personalities from the entertainment industry added their familiar faces to the cumulative weight of the AIDS crisis, when they succumbed to AIDS: (1) Amanda Blake (Miss Kitty of Gunsmoke) died in 1989 of AIDS related throat cancer, (2) Anthony Perkins (Norman Bates of Hitchcock's Psycho) died in 1992 of pneumonia brought on by AIDS, (3) Robert Reed (Mike Brady of The Brady Bunch) died in 1992 of intestinal cancer and complications of AIDS, and (4) Dack Rambo (Jack Ewing of Dallas) died in 1994 of complications of AIDS!. What are the complications of AIDS!? Any secondary condition, symptom, or other disorder caused by an AIDS weakened immune system is a complication of AIDS, so that any number of opportunistic infections can take advantage of that weakness!. An opportunistic infection (OI) occurs, when the germs normally in our body take advantage of the weakness of the immune system to cause health problems!. If you have HIV and any of a list of about 24 designated Center for Disease Control opportunistic infections, then you have AIDS!. Some of the more common opportunistic infections in conjunction with HIV are: (1) PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia), (2) KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), (3) CMV (Cytomegalovirus, an infection usually affecting the eyes), (4) Candidiasis (Thrush: an infection of the mouth, throat, or vagina), (5) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), and (6) Herpes simplex (can cause oral herpes or genital herpes)!. Source: New Mexico AIDS InfoNet
1986: Enter President Reagan
Another actor, who saw the news of Rock Hudson's 1985 death from AIDS, was by then the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)!. On March 31, 1986, President Ronald Reagan made his first noteable mention of the word "AIDS" publicly at the Third International AIDS Conference in Washington, D!.C!.,
Estimated AIDS-Opportunistic Illness Incidence
by Exposure Category: Line graph showing estimated
AIDS-opportunistic illness incidence
by exposure category, January 1986-June
1996, United States
Image Source: CDC/NCHSTIP/DHAP/Jean G!. Smith
recommending routine testing for AIDS!. With his conservative agenda, fiscal responsibility, not federal intervention would dictate his policies, but by this time there were some 60,000 cases of full-blown AIDS and 30,000 deaths!. In the week prior to his State of the Union address, President Reagan said, "While there are hopes for drugs and vaccines against AIDS, none is immediately at hand!. Consequently, efforts should focus on prevention, to inform and to lower risks of further transmission of the AIDS virus!. To this end, I am asking the surgeon general to prepare a report to the American people on AIDS!." Source: AEGIS!.org Surgeon General C!. Everett Koop (1982-1989) spent the next nine months working on that report, releasing it on October 22, 1986!. He followed it with a Public Health Service brochure on CDC guidelines for AIDS -- "Understanding AIDS" -- which he penned himself, and was sent out as the "largest public health mailing ever done" to 107 million households in the United States in 1988!. Source: U!.S!. Department of Health and Human Services Dr!. Koop's pamphlet, "Understanding AIDS," warned in the introduction: "AIDS is one of the most serious health problems that has ever faced the American public!." It discussed "What Behavior Puts You At Risk!?" The pamphlet classified "Risky Behavior" as: (1) Sharing drug needles and syringes, (2) Anal sex, with or without a condom, (3) Vaginal or oral sex with someone who shoots drugs or engages in anal sex, (4) Sex with someone you don't know well (a pickup or prostitute) or with someone you know has several sex partners, and (5) Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected person!. Conversely, "Safe Behavior" was stated as: (1) Not having sex, (2) Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner, and (3) Not shooting drugs!. Source: AIDS Info BBS
1987: The Touch of a Princess
On March 20th of 1987, AZT (also known as Retrovir?, zidovudine, or ZDV) -- manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline -- became the first anti-HIV drug (a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor) to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)!. AZT prevents HIV by altering the genetic material of healthy T-cells!. It must be used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs!. AZT therapy may cause mutations in HIV's structure, which prevent AZT from working against HIV!. Source: AIDSmeds!.com The very next month, in April of 1987, Princess Diana affected the public perception of AIDS at the opening of a specially built ward for AIDS sufferers at London's Middlesex Hospital, when she was seen by the press not wearing gloves and shaking hands with people with AIDS, demonstrating that "you can touch an AIDS victim and not catch it!." Source: AllFreeEssays!.com In retrospect, on November 2, 2002, former South African President Nelson Mandela, when announcing the joining of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to assist South Africans with HIV/AIDS, their families, and their orphans, he said, "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy, or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people!." He continued, "People felt if a British princess can go to a ward with HIV patients, then there's nothing to be supeWww@Answer-Health@Com
In 1981, the first cases of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) were identified among gay men in the United States, acquiring the designation, GRID (Gay-Related
By the end of 2003, twelve million children in
Sub-Saharan Africa were orphaned by AIDS!.
Source: AVERT!.ORG
Image Source: CDC/Dr!. Lyle Conrad
Immune Deficiency); however, scientists later found evidence that the disease existed in the world for some years prior, i!.e!., subsequent analysis of a blood sample of a Bantu man, who died of an unidentified illness in the Belgian Congo in 1959, made him the first confirmed case of an HIV infection!. Source: CNN In an article, "1959 and all that: Immunodeficiency viruses," by Simon Wain-Hobson of the Pasteur Institute in Nature (Volume 391, 5 February 1998, pp!. 532-533), Wain-Hobson wrote: "Where did HIV [Human Immunodeficiency Virus] come from!? Both of the AIDS viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, originated in Africa!.!.!. As is often the case with microbes, a jump from one species to another is probably to blame!.!.!. chimpanzees (for HIV-1) and sooty mangabeys (for HIV-2)!.!.!. When did the AIDS epidemic begin!?!.!.!. the Big Bang seems to have occurred around, or just after, the Second World War!. Emerging microbial infections often result from adaption to changing ecological niches and habitats!." Cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP, a lung infection) and Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare skin cancer) were reported by doctors in New York and Los Angeles in 1981, then the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began tracking a growing population of young men, women, and babies, whose immune systems were nearly destroyed!. Late in 1982, the condition began to be referred to as AIDS!. Source: American Red Cross For a few at first, their awareness of AIDS began with the publishing of a little noticed entry on page two of the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report of June 5, 1981, where a strange outbreak of killer pneumonia was spreading among gay men!. Since this report, AIDS has graduated from a seemingly local phenomenon to a global epidemic!. Source: CNN
1982-1985: The Faces of AIDS
Cases of AIDS in 1982 began to be reported by fourteen nations!. And, as early as 1982, CDC received its first report of "AIDS in a person with hemophilia (from a blood transfusion), and in infants born to mothers with AIDS!." Source: CDC Historical Highlights A contemporary update on this, concerning AIDS and blood transfusions, from the American Red Cross: "Like most medical procedures, blood transfusions have associated risk!. In the more than fifteen years since March 1985, when the FDA first licensed a test to detect HIV antibodies in donated blood, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported only 41 cases of AIDS caused by transfusion of blood that tested negative for the AIDS virus!. During this time, more than 216 million blood components were transfused in the United States!.!.!. Scientific studies have proven that volunteer donors are the single greatest safeguard of the blood supply today!." Source: Myths About AIDS and the Blood Supply To continue, Dr!. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in France announced the isolation of the LAV retrovirus (lymphadenopathy-associated virus) in 1983, which later was identified as the cause of AIDS!. Source: CNN By 1983, 33 countries reported cases of AIDS!. And, on the other side of the Atlantic, Dr!. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute isolated the HTLV-III (Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus III) retrovirus in 1984!. Medical periodicals such as
Leading causes of AIDS related deaths in the USA!.
Image Source: Wikimedia
The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) continued to reference HTLV-III as the "primary etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)" as late as 1985!. Source: JAMA However, in 1986, it was determined that HTLV-III and LAV were the same virus, and they were given the new designation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV!. AIDS awareness was soon brought to the public's consciousness, when popular film star, Rock Hudson, died of AIDS on October 2, 1985, shortly after making public his AIDS on July 25, 1985, thus becoming the first major public figure to announce that he had AIDS!. Another entertainer, the pianist Liberace died of AIDS on February 4, 1987!. Many other well known personalities from the entertainment industry added their familiar faces to the cumulative weight of the AIDS crisis, when they succumbed to AIDS: (1) Amanda Blake (Miss Kitty of Gunsmoke) died in 1989 of AIDS related throat cancer, (2) Anthony Perkins (Norman Bates of Hitchcock's Psycho) died in 1992 of pneumonia brought on by AIDS, (3) Robert Reed (Mike Brady of The Brady Bunch) died in 1992 of intestinal cancer and complications of AIDS, and (4) Dack Rambo (Jack Ewing of Dallas) died in 1994 of complications of AIDS!. What are the complications of AIDS!? Any secondary condition, symptom, or other disorder caused by an AIDS weakened immune system is a complication of AIDS, so that any number of opportunistic infections can take advantage of that weakness!. An opportunistic infection (OI) occurs, when the germs normally in our body take advantage of the weakness of the immune system to cause health problems!. If you have HIV and any of a list of about 24 designated Center for Disease Control opportunistic infections, then you have AIDS!. Some of the more common opportunistic infections in conjunction with HIV are: (1) PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia), (2) KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), (3) CMV (Cytomegalovirus, an infection usually affecting the eyes), (4) Candidiasis (Thrush: an infection of the mouth, throat, or vagina), (5) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), and (6) Herpes simplex (can cause oral herpes or genital herpes)!. Source: New Mexico AIDS InfoNet
1986: Enter President Reagan
Another actor, who saw the news of Rock Hudson's 1985 death from AIDS, was by then the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)!. On March 31, 1986, President Ronald Reagan made his first noteable mention of the word "AIDS" publicly at the Third International AIDS Conference in Washington, D!.C!.,
Estimated AIDS-Opportunistic Illness Incidence
by Exposure Category: Line graph showing estimated
AIDS-opportunistic illness incidence
by exposure category, January 1986-June
1996, United States
Image Source: CDC/NCHSTIP/DHAP/Jean G!. Smith
recommending routine testing for AIDS!. With his conservative agenda, fiscal responsibility, not federal intervention would dictate his policies, but by this time there were some 60,000 cases of full-blown AIDS and 30,000 deaths!. In the week prior to his State of the Union address, President Reagan said, "While there are hopes for drugs and vaccines against AIDS, none is immediately at hand!. Consequently, efforts should focus on prevention, to inform and to lower risks of further transmission of the AIDS virus!. To this end, I am asking the surgeon general to prepare a report to the American people on AIDS!." Source: AEGIS!.org Surgeon General C!. Everett Koop (1982-1989) spent the next nine months working on that report, releasing it on October 22, 1986!. He followed it with a Public Health Service brochure on CDC guidelines for AIDS -- "Understanding AIDS" -- which he penned himself, and was sent out as the "largest public health mailing ever done" to 107 million households in the United States in 1988!. Source: U!.S!. Department of Health and Human Services Dr!. Koop's pamphlet, "Understanding AIDS," warned in the introduction: "AIDS is one of the most serious health problems that has ever faced the American public!." It discussed "What Behavior Puts You At Risk!?" The pamphlet classified "Risky Behavior" as: (1) Sharing drug needles and syringes, (2) Anal sex, with or without a condom, (3) Vaginal or oral sex with someone who shoots drugs or engages in anal sex, (4) Sex with someone you don't know well (a pickup or prostitute) or with someone you know has several sex partners, and (5) Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected person!. Conversely, "Safe Behavior" was stated as: (1) Not having sex, (2) Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner, and (3) Not shooting drugs!. Source: AIDS Info BBS
1987: The Touch of a Princess
On March 20th of 1987, AZT (also known as Retrovir?, zidovudine, or ZDV) -- manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline -- became the first anti-HIV drug (a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor) to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)!. AZT prevents HIV by altering the genetic material of healthy T-cells!. It must be used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs!. AZT therapy may cause mutations in HIV's structure, which prevent AZT from working against HIV!. Source: AIDSmeds!.com The very next month, in April of 1987, Princess Diana affected the public perception of AIDS at the opening of a specially built ward for AIDS sufferers at London's Middlesex Hospital, when she was seen by the press not wearing gloves and shaking hands with people with AIDS, demonstrating that "you can touch an AIDS victim and not catch it!." Source: AllFreeEssays!.com In retrospect, on November 2, 2002, former South African President Nelson Mandela, when announcing the joining of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to assist South Africans with HIV/AIDS, their families, and their orphans, he said, "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy, or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people!." He continued, "People felt if a British princess can go to a ward with HIV patients, then there's nothing to be supeWww@Answer-Health@Com